Language socialization, revitalization and ideologies in the Salish-Pend d\u27Oreille community

The goal of this thesis is to examine the language socialization practices and ideologies of the Salish-Pend d’Oreille community in order to understand language and cultural change in this community. This cultural group has become predominately monolingual in the non-traditional language, English; yet as my research demonstrates, the traditional language, Salish, continues to convey important epistemological perspectives valued in traditional society. By analyzing instances of Salish language use and non-use, I define some of the social factors that influence language use, as well as how children are socialized to use the language in culturally significant ways. When Salish is used, it not only marks the power dynamics within the sociolinguistic landscape, it also indexes some key components of the traditional practices and values of the Salish-Pend d’Oreille community that continue in the current society. Utilizing Ochs’ (1990) Indexicality Principle, I propose that the Salish language indexes (i) traditional contexts, (ii) epistemological views, (iii) affect and (iv) power dynamics of the sociocultural landscape. This study also examines language revitalization efforts in the Salish-Pend d’Oreille community. A variety of learning contexts, available for community members, were analyzed to determine what individuals are being socialized to and how socialization occurs these environments. My research demonstrates that the community’s revitalization efforts indirectly socialize children and other language learners to use language primarily in formal, institutionalized settings. These settings provide learners with not only language instruction, but also cultural exposure through the Salish language, which is a key socializing environment for many individuals. I also suggest that language revitalization programs reflect the larger sociocultural practices and ideologies of the Salish-Pend d’Oreille community. Finally, this study utilizes Irvine and Gal’s (2000) semiotic processes to analyze Salish- Pend d’Oreille language ideologies. Salish language ideologies play a significant role in language socialization practices and the continued use of the Salish language in the Salish-Pend d’Oreille community. I propose that along with socialization practices, these semiotic processes, frequently overlapping one another, often undermine the goals of current revitalization efforts and hinder the linguistic and cultural socialization of their disappearing language

Change and Resilience in New Zealand Aid under Minister McCully

This article studies the New Zealand government aid programme over the years of Murray McCully’s tenure as New Zealand’s foreign minister. The article uses quantitative and qualitative data to detail changes in New Zealand aid volume, sectoral and geographic foci, and quality. We argue that despite strong rhetoric from Minister McCully, change in some areas was surprisingly modest. Yet the minister had impacts in other areas, particularly on aid quality, foremost in the form of changes to the purpose of New Zealand aid

Visual analysis of social networks in space and time using smartphone logs

We designed and applied novel interactive visualisation to investigate how social networks - derived from smartphone logs - are embedded in time and space. Social networks were identified through direct calls between participants and calls to mutual contacts of participants. Direct contact between participants was sparse and deriving networks through mutual contacts helped enrich the social networks. Our resulting interactive visualisation tool offers four linked and co-ordinated views of spatial, temporal, individual and social network aspects of the data. Brushing and altering techniques help us investigate how these aspects relate. We also simultaneously display some demographic and attitudinal variables to help add context to the behaviours we observe. Using these techniques, we were able to characterise spatial and temporal aspects of participants' social networks and suggest explanations for some of them. We reflect on the extent to which such analysis helps us understand social communication behaviour

Rectangular Hierarchical Cartograms for Socio-Economic Data

We present rectangular hierarchical cartograms for mapping socio-economic data. These density-normalising cartograms size spatial units by population, increasing the ease with which data for densely populated areas can be visually resolved compared to more conventional cartographic projections. Their hierarchical nature enables the study of spatial granularity in spatial hierarchies, hierarchical categorical data and multivariate data through false hierarchies. They are space-filling representations that make efficient use of space and their rectangular nature (which aims to be as square as possible) improves the ability to compare the sizes (therefore population) of geographical units. We demonstrate these cartograms by mapping the Office for National Statistics Output Area Classification (OAC) by unit postcode (1.52 million in Great Britain) through the postcode hierarchy, using these to explore spatial variation. We provide rich and detailed spatial summaries of socio-economic characteristics of population as types of treemap, exploring the effects of reconfiguring them to study spatial and non-spatial aspects of the OAC classification

Male professional footballers’ experiences of mental health difficulties and help-seeking

<p><b>Objectives:</b> Male professional footballers (soccer) represent an at-risk population of developing mental health difficulties and not accessing professional support. One in four current footballers report mental health difficulties. Higher prevalence is reported after retirement. This qualitative study aimed to provide in-depth insight into male professional footballers’ lived experiences of mental health difficulties and help-seeking.</p> <p><b>Methods:</b> Seven participants were interviewed. Data were analysed using interpretative phenomenological analysis.</p> <p><b>Results:</b> One superordinate theme emerged; ‘Survival’. This related to survival in the professional football world, of mental health difficulties and after transition into the ‘real world’. Six subordinate themes are explored alongside literature pertaining to male mental health, identity, injury, transition, and emotional development. Shame, stigma, fear and level of mental health literacy (knowledge of mental health and support) were barriers to help-seeking.</p> <p><b>Conclusion:</b> Support for professional footballers’ mental wellbeing requires improvement. Recommendations are made for future research, mental health education and support.</p

Treemap Cartography for showing Spatial and Temporal Traffic Patterns

Depicting spatial and temporal aspects of traffic flows of different types is challenging. We use a treemap based technique that is able to show multiple aspects of large quantities of spatial and temporal traffic data simultaneously. Treemaps present multivariate data as a hierarchy of rectangles that are nested within each other. Each level of the hierarchy is used to carry information about one variable, with rectangle size, arrangement and colour being potential information-carrying ‘channels’ for reflecting properties of the data. We show information about the vehicles operated by eCourier (UK) Ltd. by location, vehicle type, day of the week and hour of the day. Our two maps use colour to show the volumes and speeds of traffic at each of 82,320 combinations of location, vehicle type, day of week and hour of day, concurrently. Crucially, we use a regular grid to represent location, give all the treemap nodes a constant size and order them spatially. This cartographic representation allows multiple aspects of large traffic datasets to be viewed concurrently, such that spatial and temporal patterns can be identified

If We Get You, How Can We Keep You? Problems with Recruiting and Retaining Rural Administrators

The focus on instructional leadership has reached a crescendo with the waivers for No Child Left Behind (2002). The leadership of the principal is known to be a key factor in supporting student achievement; however, recruitment and retention of administrators in rural areas of the Midwest is very difficult. This survey research study explored the recruitment and retention strategies, as well as factors influencing the loss or retention of quality administrators reported by Midwest superintendents. The themes that emerged as successful recruitment strategies included ‘growing your own’ as the number one method of recruiting and retaining rural school administrators, salaries/benefits depending on location, emphasizing positive working conditions and climate/culture, and providing quality professional development. Retention strategies that worked well for rural schools were an emphasis on a positive school culture and climate, investment in professional development, and use of technology for mentoring along with increased benefits

Data-Spatial Layouts for Grid Maps

Grid maps are a well-known technique to visualize data associated with spatial regions. A grid map assigns each region to a tile in a grid (often orthogonal or hexagonal) and then represents the associated data values within this tile. Good grid maps represent the underlying geographic space well: regions that are geographically close are close in the grid map and vice versa. Though Tobler’s law suggests that spatial proximity relates to data similarity, local variations may obscure clusters and patterns in the data. For example, there are often clear differences between urban centers and adjacent rural areas with respect to socio-economic indicators. To get a better view of the data distribution, we propose grid-map layouts that take data values into account and place regions with similar data into close proximity. In the limit, such a data layout is essentially a chart and loses all spatial meaning. We present an algorithm to create hybrid layouts, allowing for trade-offs between data values and geographic space when assigning regions to tiles. Our algorithm also handles hierarchical grid maps and allows us to focus either on data or on geographic space on different levels of the hierarchy. Leveraging our algorithm we explore the design space of (hierarchical) grid maps with a hybrid layout and their semantics

Do people perceive women as worrying more than men? : a status account of the gender stereotypes of worry

Research indicates that people perceive women as experiencing more fear than men (Brody & Hall, 1993) and research also shows that worry is related to fear (Borkovec, Robinson, Pruzinsky, & Depree). The purpose of this Study 1 was to explore how people perceive men and women to worry overall as well as in specific domains. Three hundred and one Concordia University students completed two worry questionnaires to measure overall amount of worry and worry in specific domains. The results showed that people perceive women as experiencing more worry than men and men as experiencing more worry about achievement, finances, and incompetence. A second objective was to compare people's perceptions of men and women's worry to their perceptions of high and low-status individuals' worry to determine if a status model is a viable option for explaining the gender stereotypes of worry that emerged in Study 1. Women generally have lower status than men (Rhoodie, 1989), which leads to the hypothesis that people perceive low-status individuals as worrying more overall as well as worrying more about relationships. In contrast, people perceive high-status individuals as worrying more about achievement, finances and incompetence. Sixty-two Concordia University students listened to a tape describing a culture that consists of high and low-status individuals. Participants completed modified versions of the worry questionnaires used in Study 1 to measure their perceptions of low and high-status individuals' worry. The findings suggest that status is a viable model for explaining the stereotype of overall worry that emerged from Study 1

The role of emotion in the functions of autobiographical memory

Prior research indicates that people call on autobiographical memories to serve social, self-related, and directive functions (Bluck, 2003). The first goal of the current study was to examine whether the emotions associated with memories influence the functions those memories serve at recall. In Study 1, participants recalled nine memories, each associated with a distinct emotion (i.e., guilt and happiness). For each memory, they reported one time they recalled the event and rated the functions that were served. As expected, certain types of emotional memories were associated with certain autobiographical functions. The second goal was to more closely consider the emotions associated with memories that serve to define the self. Studies 2 and 3 examined the impact people feel self-defining memories events have had on them (and how this subjective impact relates to meaning making), and the pattern of current and recalled emotions for these self-defining memories (Singer & Moffitt, 1991-1992). In Study 2, subjective impact was shown to be a good marker for meaning making with respect to self-defining events. In Study 3, participants recalled five self-defining memories, reported ten current and recalled emotions for each event, and rated the subjective impact of each event. A pattern of benefaction (i.e., less current negative and more current positive emotion) emerged for self-defining memories, which was accounted for by subjective impact